Biography of Alexander Prokhorov

And he shouts: “Gentlemen and ladies, look at our gammos! A new original way of observing the ionosphere with the help of a radio interference method with V. Migulin’s work. The anticipated winter-part-time from their studies and work on Sundays went outside the city on skis. Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, their pendant, their peer, sometimes joined their company. The academician later, in one of the November Sundays, he invited his familiar skiing, and she invited her friend - the future wife of Alexander Mikhailovich - Galina Alekseevna, a graduate of the Faculty of Medicine, their meeting took place at the Leningrad Station of the beginning of the war on June 22 of the year.

Back in Leningrad, he went through the highest non -artillery preparation and had the title of junior lieutenant of the reserve. Autumn was approaching. Enemy troops were eager for Moscow. The courses were first transferred to Vladimir, then to Kazan. The first issue, including Alexander Prokhorov, was sent to the front at the end of October. At the beginning of winter, Prokhorov was near Tula, at the army headquarters, where for about a month he processed information received from persons who left the encirclement.

Then he was transferred to the south cadet of a separate rifle brigade to the post of assistant chief of staff for intelligence. In December, the brigade was transferred to the North-Western Front. Here he participated in the destruction of the surrounded Demyansk group of enemy troops. And in March, during the bombing, he was seriously wounded. After treatment, despite the crippled hand, A.

Prokhorov was sent to the headquarters of the Western Front, and from there - temporarily to the Western headquarters of the partisan movement. In the fall, he was transferred to the Guards Rifle Regiment of the Rifle Division of the North-Western Front to the post of assistant chief of staff of the reconnaissance regiment. On the front section, where Prokhorov arrived, the Nazis was not supposed to be the advance of.

However, the enemy all the time took fire raids in the position of Soviet troops. The shelling was constant. Alexander Prokhorov has repeatedly set off as part of the intelligence group into night raids on the rear of the Nazis. In one of these intelligence on February 18, a strong mortar fire covered his group. Prokhorov was wounded by a fragment, this time in the left thigh.

He was "lucky", as the doctors said - the nerve and the bone remained intact, he managed to keep his leg. The wound was severe. Hospitalles - Volokolamsk, then Moscow, and operations - one after another in the year, when the victory was already significantly blew and the salutes more and more often flashed in honor of the liberation of the cities, the medical commission recognized Prokhorov unsuitable for the drill service, and in February it was demobilized.

The courage shown by Lieutenant Prokhorov at the front was marked by the most honorary soldier's medal - "For Courage". In February, immediately after demobilization with a raised mood, Alexander Mikhailovich rushed to the Lebedev Physical Institute, from where he went to the front as a graduate student. There he was met almost as an alien from the other world. No one has yet returned to Fian from the front.

Only a few reports came about the death of the Fianovites, and the rest of the front -line soldiers returned later. The vibration laboratory was still led by N. Migulin no longer worked there. The head of Prokhorov became the doctor of science subsequently becoming a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences Sergey Mikhailovich Rytov. In the laboratory, Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov felt like a fish in water, actively involved in the research important at that time.

One of the most fruitful scientific areas at that time was a study of nonlinear fluctuations. Theoretical calculations on the topic "Stabilization of the frequency of a lamp generator in the theory of a small parameter" began.

The appeal to the task of stabilizing the frequency was not random, since it was dictated by a very definite “social order” of that time: radar, radio communications and television required more and more stable generators in frequency. The previously achieved very high scientific level of oscillation works made it possible to quickly achieve outstanding results in another area, namely, in the study of particles in synchrotron.

The processes of the interaction of radial and phase vibrations in synchrotron were theoretically studied, and then the task of observing and studying coherent synchrotron radiation was set and successfully completed. In the field of these new directions, A. every day at the ninth hour of the morning, he left home and returned always smiling, joyful, at eight o’clock in the evening.

He worked with the rise and fruitfully. These works form the basis of his candidate dissertation, which he successfully defended in the year. Along the way, he passed the last post -graduate exam in the special object, the language and philosophy were passed to the front.Since the year, Alexander Mikhailovich for the first time in our country took up research in a completely new direction - radio spectroscopy.

The main goals of this work were, firstly, the exact determination of the structure of molecules and, secondly, the use of exceptionally stable and narrow lines of absorption of various substances for the purpose of stabilizing the frequency in the radiodiapason. Studies in the field of radio spectroscopy went in parallel with work on accelerators physics. The study of accelerators, Alexander Mikhailovich, began to engage in immediately after the defense of the candidate dissertation.

His supervisor, then a corresponding member, and then academician Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler instructed Prokhorov an experimental test of the idea of ​​using an accelerator type of synchrotron to generate centimeter and millimeter waves. In other words, it was about the study of coherent radiation in synchrotron. For this, Alexander Mikhailovich was transferred to Betatron - the first betatron, built in the Soviet Union by the Doctor of Sciences subsequently, who became academician Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov.

At first, this electron accelerator was tested in various modes. Subsequently, A. Prokhorov, together with the employees, converted Betatron into a synchrotron acceleration mode for studying synchrotron radiation in the field of centimeter radio waves. Then he conducted a large series of complex and subtle experiments on the study of coherent properties of the magneto -brain radiation of relativistic electrons moving in a homogeneous magnetic field in a synchrotron - synchrotron radiation.

Synchrotron radiation is due to the acceleration of particles with curvature of their trajectory in a magnetic field and depends on the heterogeneity of the distribution of electrons in a circular orbit. As a result of studies, Alexander Mikhailovich proved that synchrotron radiation can be used as a source of coherent radiation in a centimeter wavelength range, determined the main characteristics of the source, power level and proposed a method for determining the size of electronic clots.

According to general confession, this classical work has opened a whole direction of research, which is developing very fruitfully to the present. Today, the losses on synchronous radiation and the associated effects in the movement of particles are taken into account when constructing cyclic accelerators of high -energy electrons. Synchronous radiation of cyclic accelerators with wavelengths from soft X-ray to ultraviolet is used in X-ray analysis, for X-ray and UV-litography and in a number of other areas of science and technology.

In January of the year, the work of the small team of the laboratory was awarded by the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR by the award of the L. Prize were received by: Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Sergey Mikhailovich Rytov, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, candidate of physicomatical sciences Mark Efremovich Zhabotinsky for work: “To the theory Generators "," On one expansion of the area of ​​application of the method of the small parameter "," On one special case of systems with two degrees of freedom "," Stabilization of the frequency in the theory of the small parameter "and" On the theory of frequency stabilization ".

Already in these years, the creative handwriting of A. Prokhorov as a scientist and organizer was fully manifested - a constant search, an unmistakable definition of the most relevant fields of research, the widespread use of the latest achievements of experimental techniques and theoretical thought, including in adjacent fields, and as a result, rapid advance in solving the most key issues of fundamental research.

Having taken advanced positions in radio spectroscopy, the laboratory provided for itself the front of work to obtain relevant information, so necessary for physicists, chemists and in a number of other areas. But here again the character of Alexander Mikhailovich as a scientist was brightly manifested. Not limited to obtaining purely scientific results, he is looking for the field of practical applications of new fundamental knowledge.

Along with the introduction of radio spectroscopy as a method of spectral analysis of a substance in various fields of science, it turns to the task of using narrow resonant lines of the molecules absorption spectra to stabilize the frequency of sources of radiation radiation, that is, to the task of creating high-precision frequency and time standards on a new basis.

It is when solving this difficult applied problem that the main principles will subsequently formulate and the physical foundations of quantum electronics are laid. The topic of the dissertation was associated with the study of coherent radiation of a synchrotron in the field of centimeter radio waves. The most significant in it is the method for determining the size in the clots of electrons.

But even before her protection, Prokhorov began to work as an assistant at the Faculty of Faculty of Faculty of Fizteh at Dolgoprudny. Due to mobility, liveliness, simplicity of Alexander Mikhailovich, he was often mistaken for a student. The Fiztekhovites loved him and stretched to him.Many of them defended diplomas in the vibration laboratory at Prokhorov and, being capable of children enthusiastic science, remained there to work.

So the laboratory grew, the scope of work increased, enthusiasm - too. Starting the diplomans of Alexander Mikhailovich: N. Basov, A. Barschukov, V. Veselgo, B. Osipov, P. Pashinin, V. Konyukhov, V. Fedorov, V. Fiztekhovtsy and the laboratories also penetrated, but some of them subsequently passed to Alexander Mikhailovich. This is F. Bunkin and N. A little later, Prokhorov had new diplomats who graduated from various educational institutions: T.

Murina, G. Young specialists came: A.