Brief biography of chemists

However, this area is much wider - everything you see, hear, smell, touch and taste, is associated with various types of chemicals. Chemistry seeks not only to decipher the characteristics of a substance, for example, mass and component parts of the compound, but also understand why and how the substance undergoes specific changes under certain conditions. For example, why do some liquids freeze if they are left in a very cold environment, why some materials change color and size if they get too much sunlight, or why the elements react with other elements, forming various chemical compounds.

Simply put, chemistry can help us understand the structure of our universe. Below we have listed the most famous chemists whose contribution made a revolution in the world. Mario Molina is known: the discovery of the fact that chlorfto carlerodes can destroy the ozone layer of the Earth. Higher awards: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Mario Molina, played a key role in the discovery of the destruction of the ozone layer.

In the year, he joined the laboratory of Professor Frank Sherwood Rowland as a post -cake. Here he focused on the chemistry of “hot atoms”, which included the study of the chemical properties of atoms with very high energy of transformation due to radioactive processes. They conducted numerous experiments with atmospheric pollutants and found that chlorfthroftorode KhFU Gaza is one of the main causes of the destruction of the ozone layer.

When these gases rise to the stratosphere, ultraviolet rays split them into the constituent elements: chlorine, fluorine and carbon.

Then each chlorine atom destroys to ozone molecules, after which it becomes inactive. They can remain in the atmosphere until the years, depleting an ozone layer. Molina was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry of the Year, together with chemists Sherwood Rowland and Paul Krutzen for their work to destroy the ozone layer. Their discoveries led to the fact that at the end of the 19th century an international movement arose for limiting the widespread spread of freon gases.

Thanks to such restrictions on a national scale, the level of ozone began to stabilize by the end of the X and began to recover in the middle of the X. According to NASA, an ozone hole will reach a level up to a year. Alessandro Volta is known: the detection of methane and the invention of the galvanic battery. The highest award: Medal of Kopli, Alessandro Volta, is known for its innovative work in the field of electricity and energy.

In his honor, the unit of measurement of the electrical potential of volt in the SI system is named. Although most of his career he was a professor of physics, he also conducted unusual research in the field of chemistry. At the end of the x, he studied the chemistry of gases and discovered methane, the simplest hydrocarbon containing one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

In the year, Volta invented the first electric battery called a galvanic battery, which could continuously provide electric current. With the help of this battery, he proved that electricity can be chemically produced, and refuted the theory popular at that time that electricity is created exclusively by living beings. His studies inspired other scientists to conduct similar experiments, which ultimately led to the development of a new industry of physical chemistry - electrochemistry.

Harold Clayton Yuri is known: the discovery of a heavy hydrogen form called deater. After receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the year, Harold Yuri began to work on the separation of isotopes. He was interested in whether the hydrogen has the smallest atom of various isotopes. To find the answer, he developed a method for separating more rare isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, making them easily accessible to laboratory tests.

In the year, he successfully allocated an isotope of hydrogen by distillation of liquid hydrogen. This isotope was called the dealer, and it was twice as heavier than ordinary hydrogen. Yuri showed that water containing deerium heavy water has other properties than ordinary water. In the end of the x, Yuri became interested in cosmic science. When Apollo brought samples from the moon, he analyzed them in the lunar reception of the laboratory.

With these experiments, he also confirmed the third law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of the system is approaching a constant value as the temperature approaches 0 Celvins. For this work, William Francis Jick was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry of the Year. Jiok’s studies were not limited to temperatures near absolute zero or magnetic systems. At the initial stages of his career, he analyzed the heat capacity and heat of the transition of halogenic acids from low temperatures to higher.

He accurately found anomalies in heat capacity and determined random molecular orientations for molecules of carbon monoxide. Its discoveries led to the improvement of the production of substances such as steel, glass, rubber and gasoline. And his achievement will remain in the textbooks for a long time.Willard Frank Libby is known: the development of radiocarbon dating. The highest awards: the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the Albert Einstein Award Willard Libby was a specialist in the field of radio chemistry.

After the Second World War, he developed a method of dating organic compounds using carbon carbon is the main component of all living things on Earth. There are two isotopes: carbon is stable and radioactive carbon. Libbi has developed a technique that uses the carbon content to determine the age of fossils and archaeological relics. For this work, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in the year.

Libby also found that Trinius of the hydrogen-3, a rare and radioactive isotope of hydrogen can be used in the same way to dating water. Now this method is widely used to determine the age of wine. Dmitry Mendeleev - known: Development of a periodic table of chemical elements. The highest awards: Davy G. Medal, although scientists began to open elements in the early X, there was no single dictionary to refer to various substances.

By the year, 56 elements were known, and each year one element was determined. In the year, the chemist Dmitry Mendeleev made an official report in the Russian chemical society, describing elements based on their atomic weight and valency. Simply put, he presented the tabular diagram of well -known elements, which later became known as the periodic table of Mendeleev.

The uniqueness of the Mendeleev table was that he allocated places for elements that have not yet been open. He has already predicted the atomic masses and chemical characteristics of these missing elements. Joons Jacob Bertzelius is known: the definition of atomic weights of elements and the development of classical analytical methods. The highest award: Kopli Medal Joons Jacob Bertzelius was a strict empirician and a methodical experimenter who conducted innovative studies in the field of electrochemistry.

He created the law of constant proportions, which states that the elements in inorganic compounds are interconnected in certain proportions by weight. In the year, he reported atomic weights of 45 elements at that time only 49 elements were known. He is also attributed to the discovery of elements of silicon, titanium, selenium, thorium, ceria and zirconium. Bertzelius began his career as a doctor, but his outstanding contribution was made in the field of chemical communication, electrochemistry and stichiometry.

He developed advanced methods of chemical analysis and studied allotropia, isomeria and catalysis - phenomena that owe it to their name. Bertzelius was the first chemist to distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. He also explained the electrochemical dualism of organic compounds found in the nature of minerals and unusual inorganic compounds, including sulfur chlorides.

According to Bertzelius, all chemicals, both natural and synthesized, can be qualitatively determined by identifying their electrically opposite components of the main and acidic, or electrical and electronegative. Bertzelius introduced filter paper and rubber tubes into the laboratory of analytical chemistry. He did not spend much time in the laboratory.

Instead, he spent most of his time discrediting new theories and ideas. Ernest Rutherford is known: the detection of alpha and beta-radioactivity Higher awards: the Nobel Prize in Chemistry of the city of Earnsta Rutherford were devoted to the magnetic properties of iron during high-frequency fluctuations. He was the first scientist who developed highly effective experiments with high -frequency changes.

In the year, he wrote a work in which he described a time measurement device that can measure temporary intervals in a hundred thousandth of a second. A few years later, he began working in the Kavendish laboratory led by Professor Joseph John Thomson, where he invented a device using small beams of magnetized iron wire to detect electromagnetic waves.

His subsequent studies were devoted to the behavior of ions in gases treated with x -rays. He also studied how the mobility of ions changes when the electric field changes. At the end of the 19th century, he discovered the concept of a radioactive period of half-life and reported the existence of alpha and beta rays in the radiation of Uranus, describing some of their characteristics.

In the year, Rutherford put forward the theory that atoms contain a charge concentrated in a tiny core. However, he could not prove whether this charge is positive or negative. In the year, he conducted experiments on the provision of artificial nuclear reactions, bombarding nitrous nitrogen nuclear cores. In these reactions, he discovered the emission of the subatomic particle - a proton.

Working with Niels Bor in the year, Rutherford suggested that the atoms contain neutrons. These neutrons create an attractive nuclear force, which compensates for the repulsive effect of protons. This theory was proven in the year by the associate of Rutherford James Chadwick.Rosalind Franklin is a lime: the detection of a double spiral structure of DNA and the subtle structure of coal and graphite.

Alma Mater: Cambridge University Doctor of Philosophy. Rosalind Franklin was born in a rich and influential British Jewish family and from early childhood showed exceptional intelligence. At a young age, she wanted to become a scientist. In the year, she received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy for "physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with a special emphasis on coal." A year later, she was appointed to the Central State Chemical Laboratory in Paris, where she studied the methods of crystallography and x -ray diffraction.

She also applied them to coals and other carbon compounds to find out what changes occur in the location of atoms when these compounds turn into graphite. Franklin published many articles about this work, which ultimately became an important part of the mainstream of chemistry and physics of carbon and coal. She also introduced the terms of the graphite and non -graphic carbon - two categories of carbon formed by pyrolysis of organic materials.

If its contribution to the development of coal and graphite was evaluated during life, then its role in the discovery of the DNA structure remained unrecognized during life.