Biography of Maxim Rilsky
Maxim Rylsky belongs to the number of Ukrainian writers who left part of their souls in the NKVD dungeons. Like his close friend Ostap Vishnya, the poet for the sake of saving his own life was forced to take a place in the friendly ranks of creative people who sing the glory to the Soviet regime. Rylsky is called the singer of the Ukrainian Renaissance, a philosopher, a romantic of the word, but often accusations of adaptability are also sounded to the poet.
Like most people, endowed with talent, Rylsky turned out to be an ordinary weak person. On the other hand, to realize the essence of the writer’s actions, it is necessary to clearly understand the circumstances in which he lived, the features of the era. One of the most accurate descriptions of the spiritual state of the intellectuals of that time is a fragment from the poem by Vladimir Sosyura, who wrote about the “two Volods” who tore his soul.
In Rylsky, as in many others, the power that was responsible for self -preservation won. With his consent, the poet chose his life with the Bolshevik regime. For the sake of relatives who simply had no right to leave orphans, the writer compromised with himself. Of course, when evaluating the actions of Rylsky, it must be borne in mind that the poet has the opportunity to continue the struggle for his ideals only when he remains alive.
The feat of Vasily Stus will live in the memory of the nation, but the repetition of the Rylsky fate of an irreconcilable fighter could end with the same ridiculous death away from the house. As a result, the Golden Fund of Ukrainian Poetry would become poorer at least one diamond, which can be called the Rylsky poem about the Ukrainian language. Over his life, Rylsky published more than 40 collections of poetic works.
The poet translated into the Ukrainian language written by foreign authors. He became part of the history of Ukraine as one of the founders of modern Ukrainian poetry. A group of neoclassicians, which included Rylsky, brought Ukrainian poetry closer to the level of European classics. The merits of Maxim Rylsky to Ukraine. One of the centers of this direction was the city of Kharkov. The trend that arose by the Soviet leadership was perceived extremely negatively, a decision was made to destroy the ideological inspirers of the direction.
During the repressions, more people were destroyed, which are united in history by the concept of “executed revival”. The poet Maxim Rylsky is one of the few intellectuals who managed to survive, passing through the millstone of the system. Moreover, after the release from the places of imprisonment, the writer received a deputy mandate 5 times. The contemporary of Rylsky, Evgeny Malanyuk, said that in the absence of leaders the role of the leaders of the nation is played by her poets.
The phrase of Maxim Rylsky, who assured that the sword would remain in service with Ukrainian poets, also gained wide fame. This expression echoes the life position of Malanyuk, the first collection of which was called "Style and Stylos". What ended with the struggle of Malanyuk is well known - he was forced to spend the rest of his life abroad, for Rylsky his native land was too expensive.
Back in the 10ths, a group of “Neoclassicists”, which included Rylsky, was often criticized for decadence, a weak connection of works with socialist reality. Fully passionate about creativity, like the rest of his comrades, the poet did not respond to the events taking place in the political life of the country. Over the past decade, Rylsky has completely isolated himself from Soviet realities.
Only occasionally in some verses the writer allowed himself to show his own negative attitude to processes in the ideological-political and literary life, dominant at that time; Long before the beginning of the arrests, neoclassicians were subjected to numerous attacks from the guardians of “proletarian art” and simply critics who lacked an elementary education in order to understand the essence of the works of writers.
At a temporary transition between MI and MI years, ordinary attacks went into the stage of political persecution and marked the completion of a short period of Ukrainian Renaissance; Even minimal attempts to express dissatisfaction with the communist regime became the cause of acute criticism. Ultimately, numerous episodes criticized with the writer ended with his imprisonment under the arrest of the NKVD, after which Rylsky spent almost six months within the walls of the Lukyanovskaya prison.
During the poet’s stay in the NKVD dungeons, a number of his comrades-Neo-Lassikov are subjected to repression and dies in concentration camps. Obviously, these events had a strong influence on Rylsky himself; After liberation from the conclusion, the poet’s work changes greatly. Understanding that he cannot oppose the regime, Rylsky is forced to put his poetry in his service.
Starting from this period, the poet’s works can be clearly divided into 2 directions - officialdom and lyrics. Only in the second group, Rylsky managed to create works with artistic value, independent of politics, which survived the poet.The praise of the party and regime went into oblivion along with the communist past; Like Sosyura, Rylsky stated within himself the struggle of two principles.
According to some memories of the poet, we can conclude what processes occurred in his soul. He called himself a man “far from the harsh practical life”, the period of mental torment called the “inner crisis” and admitted the moments that “the incovenity half defeated”; During interrogations in the NKVD, trying to slander, Rylsky called himself "an instrument in the hands of the Efremov and Nikikovsky." In the end, Rylsky came to the conclusion that a person who wants to be a poet in Soviet Ukraine can only be a Soviet poet.
The owner of the talent and the hot heart of a creative person, Rylsky nevertheless became a Soviet poet. During the interrogations, the poet tried to minimally harm loved ones from the world of literature, since it was impossible to avoid the procedure for compiling a “list of friends and acquaintances”; For serving the regime, the poet was awarded orders, bonuses, but only at the end of his life he was able to return to himself the present.
Only in the collection “Winter Records”, published in the year, a year before the death of the poet, did he manifest himself the present. As reality presented invented guesses, stipulated himself and others. A remarkable detail is that in his “confessions” the poet tried to protect the maximum from potential troubles of loved ones. Some of the writer’s testimony were previously sentenced to long time in the camps, many of the conclusion did not return alive.
Rylsky was one of the people detained in the process of investigating the fabricated case of the “Union of Liberation of Ukraine” after the conviction of 45 direct members of the association. The conviction in the case was passed on April 19, the first message in the press about the discovery of this organization appeared in November. The intellectuals included in the Union were accused of anti -Soviet sentiments, in the process of investigation and court they were called former participants in the Petliur movement, figures of the autocephalous church and fists.
Sentences indicating a different period of imprisonment were made by 45 accused, including 3 women, 2 academicians, 15 university professors, secondary school director, 10 teachers, 3 writers, 5 editors, 2 students and a priest. A demonstrative trial took place from March 9 to 19 at the Kharkov Opera Theater. Then, about 30 thousand people were accused and detained in stock of the organization, among them the writer Rylsky.
The few detained managed to leave the NKVD alive. The writer, literary critic and editor of the Rada newspaper Andrei Nikikovsky, named one of the active figures of the organization, was sentenced to 8 years in harsh isolation. The accusation was based on the fact that the writer wrote a positive feedback on the novel by Valerian of the Podomogilny “City” allegedly in an effort to recruit the author of the work in the SOU.
Despite the fact that the accusation was clearly absurd, Nikikovsky was condemned. Rylsky could not withstand pressure, his last confession ends with an oath assurances that he intends to devote further life to “work for the benefit of the Republic of Workers”. And only in one of the episodes of recently declassified protocols of interrogation can you see the real motivation, which was guided by Rylsky.
Perhaps trying to pry the investigators, the writer mentions his marital status. At that time, the senior, adoptive son of the writer studied at a work school, the youngest was only 4 months old. It is obvious that Rylsky could not leave his wife with a sick heart and two children without means of existence. Interesting about Maxim Rylsky. The family in which the future poet was born deserves special attention.
The father of the writer Fadeus Rylsky was the son of a polonized rich landowner Rosheslav Rylsky and Princess Trubetskoy. Owning the estate in Kyiv, the father of Maxim Rylsky lived most of his time in Romanovka Popelnyansky district in the territory of the Zhytomyr region. According to alternative sources, Maxim Fadeevich was born in Romanovka, the record of baptism is in the church book.
The writer's mother was Melania Fedorovna in the girlishness of Chup leopard, a native of an ordinary rural family, on her Fadei Roseslavovich married after the death of his first wife. After marriage, the spouse taught melania literacy, she sang well, became a skilled mistress of the estate and mother.
Friends of Fadeus and friends Maxim Rylsky admitted that peasant origin in the habits of Melania Fedorovna could not be guessed. The writer’s father, one of the “sixties” of the 19th century, Fadeus Rylsky is known as an economist, publicist, ethnographer and public figure. Back in his student years, he joined the movement of the troubles. The descendants of eminent genera in his free time from studying with the customs of the people, traveled around the countryside, and trained peasants to literacy.
The public of that time was different about the ch habit.For some, supporters of these views were a benefactor, for others - potential ideological inspirers of the new riot of peasants. Tadi Rylsky, after university training, Fadei, Rylla's scientific activity in the capital did not want to continue. He returned to the birth estate, built a rather modest dwelling for his family, the large parental house allowed the peasants to take part to pieces.
In Romanovka, the ethnographer organized a school for rural children, which he financed independently. It is also known that one of the ancestors of Rylsky worked in Kyiv by the main city clerk. The great -great -grandfather of the writer Romuald was a student of the Vasilian school and in the years of Koliivshchina surprisingly escaped death. According to legend, Romuald sang the anthem of the Orthodox in front of the Haidamaki “The Most Holy Virgin, the Mother of the Russian Territory”, which greatly impressed the leader of the partisans.
The impression turned out to be so strong that the detachment released not only the student, but also the other captives of the Poles and Jews detained with him; The father of the son of Maxim Fadei Roseslavovich became at the age of 54, a boy among intellectuals grew up, talked with famous and talented people of that time. At the age of 7, the future writer loses.
As a child, Maxim Fadeevich was a curious child, he read a lot of literature on a natural science. After entering the gymnasium, for some time lived in the house of Nikolai Lysenko. Then the future writer also had to live on the Rusov and Yurkevich estate; The news that the young gymnasium student will live with the legendary composer greatly pleased Rylsky. In the house of Nikolai Vitalievich, the poet joined the world of amazing music, attended the prime minister of many iconic musical works during the first rehearsals.
The first sense of Rylsky is also associated with this period: the writer experienced tender, but unrequited feelings for the daughter of the composer Galina. The girl was not only 6 years older than Rylsky, but also connected by engagement. In the collection on the White Islands, Galin in the marriage of Shilo is devoted to several poetic poems; Rylsky studied at the private gymnasium Vladimir Naumenko, one of the best educational institutions of Kyiv of that time.
The founder of the educational institution was known as an extraordinary person, a talented teacher. Naumenko took part in the compilation of the Grinchenko dictionary, held the post of head of the Ministry of Education in the last government of Skoropadsky, then was shot by the Bolsheviks; Being a gymnasium student, Rylsky, together with his comrades, created a half -joking association of “anthropophages”.
The writer then spoke with great respect for many of his teachers. It was at the gymnasium that the writer received good knowledge of the French language, which then came in handy for translations of classics into Ukrainian; At the insistence of his mother, Rylsky joined the medical faculty of Kyiv University. It is possible that Melania Fedorovna tried to protect her son from participating in the war.
After 2 years, the poet has been transferred to the historical and philological faculty of the Ukrainian People's University, after a while Rylsky throws this course of study, leaves for the native village and begins to teach at a school open once by his father; The Rylsky is leaving from Kyiv during the hetmanat, the civil confrontation overtakes the apolitical poet in his native village.
Ryll was hiding from numerous mobilizations, and hidden in Romanovka and hunger. The writer returns to the capital only in the year, with the help of Professor Doroshkevich, is arranged by the teacher in the 2nd railway school, also teaches at the Ukrainian Institute of Linguistic Education; Researchers call the period of the 10ths the most fruitful in the work of Rylsky.
In these years, they saw a lot of his poetic collections, consisting not only of poems written by the writer himself, but also from translations written by foreign poets.