Biography of Shyutsa

He spent the first half of his life in Vienna, served in a bank, and in his free time he was engaged in philosophy. After Austria’s entry into the 3rd Reich, he emigrated to the United States, where he became a professor of sociology and social psychology of the new school of social research in New York. In the book “The Semloretic Construction of the Social World” der sinnhafte aufbau der Sozialen Welt, Schyuts tried to give a philosophical substantiation of social sciences based on Husserle descriptive phenomenology, in particular the concepts of “Life World”, the book was highly appreciated by the Husserl himself.

Based on the fact of the immediate given “I” and “other”, the shyuts analyzes the transition from the individual’s direct individual experience to the idea of ​​the social world as an objective phenomenon. It isolated the three stages of such a transition: individual consciousness constitutes “significant unity”, from the undivided flow of experience, these significant unity are objectified in interaction with other individuals; “Others” act as carriers of typical properties characterizing social structures that objectively intersubjectively exist in the “intersection points” of practical goals and interests of interacting individuals.

Thus, the social phenomenology of Shyutsa is essentially the sociology of knowledge, for the formation of social is interpreted here as a product of objectification of knowledge in the process of human practice. In the American period, this is specified in Shyutsa’s teaching about the final areas of the values ​​of Finite Provinces of Meaning - specific, relatively separate spheres of human experience, everyday life, religion, dream, game, scientific theoretization, artistic work, the world of mental illness, etc.

The transition from one sphere to another requires some kind of effort and involves a kind of meaningful leap. t. Each of the final areas of values ​​is a set of data data that demonstrates a certain “cognitive style” that is formed, according to the six elements: 1 special form of activity, 2 specific exclusion to the problem of the existence of objects of experience, 3 tension of attitude to life, 4 special experience of time, 5 specifics of the acting individual, 6 Special form of sociality.

In general, all “worlds” in relation to the world of everyday life are characterized by any kind of deficit, for example, a deficit of existence, activity, personal involvement, etc. Therefore, the shyutz refers to the everyday life of “supreme reality”, and its typological structure is the most complete form of human perception of the world, corresponding to the active nature of man.

The designed conceptual apparatus Scheutz used for the analysis of both literature and mythology, and some types of personalities in the “everyday” life of a “stranger”, a beginner, etc. In the future, his ideas formed the basis of such areas as phenomenological sociology and sociology of everyday life or the sociology of everyday life. Ionin is a new philosophical encyclopedia.

In four volumes. Stepin, A. Huseynov, G. IV, p. Schyuts Schutz Alfred - Austrian -American philosopher and sociologist, founder of phenomenological sociology. He was born and spent the first half of his life in Vienna, studied law and economy in the un-te. He worked as a bank employee, in his free time, engaged in philosophy in the Ludwig Mizes circle, along with Oscar Morgenstern, Eric Feuglin, Felix Kaufman and F.

After the Nazis came to power in Austria, he emigrates in the United States, where he continues a banking career and becomes a professor of sociology and social psychology of the new school of social research in New York. The theoretical development of S. Weber, however, the lack of attention paid to the latest epistemological substantiation of the social sciences made him turn to the philosophy of a, Bergson, interest in the duration and internal time and the phenomenology of E, Husserl, the result of this acquaintance was his most famous book, The Semolored Building of the Social World ", since the essence of the social science is, first of all, an understanding of subjective significance Human actions, it is impossible to build adequate social science without a preliminary study of the preceding of the Doponical reality of the “life world”, the world of everyday activity and culture.

Thus, according to S. Husserl, a program for restoring the connection of abstract scientific categories with the original reality of the “life world”. At the same time, S. Weber concept of understanding as the main method in the social sciences tried to limit their application by accessible to direct observation cases of interpersonal interaction. According to S.

Husserl for transcendentalism and solipsism in solving the problem of the “other I”, believing that “we” always precedes the “I”, which is why our knowledge is interpersonal, that is, structurally socialized and genetically determined, and the social world is organized through its typification in the constructions of everyday thinking.Thus, understanding is not just a method of social sciences, but a form of experience based, first of all, on the a priori knowledge about the intersubtrous nature of social reality.

After moving to America S., under their influence, the final areas of the values ​​are various regions of experience religion, sleep, game, science, mental illness, etc. They are relatively isolated from each other, the transition from one area to another is associated with certain efforts, these areas are characterized by cognitive non -resistance. Nevertheless, they are not completely separated from each other, since they are united by the daily intelligence, which Sh.

In some later works by S., the ideas of Sh. Modern Western philosophy. Khefff, V. Malakhov, V. Filatov, with the participation of T. The Hague,; Reflections on the Problem of Relevance. With T. Luckman Evanston,; Theorie Der Lebensformen. In the philosophy, Shyutsa developed a peculiar version of non -radial phenomenology, close to the existentialist interpretation of phenomenology.

He paid his main attention to the creation of a philosophical foundation of social sciences. Using the descriptive phenomenological method and ideas of M. Weber, partly James and Bergson, Shchuts proposed his own version of the understanding sociology, in which he traced the processes of the formation of human ideas about the social world from single subjective values ​​that form in the stream of experiences of an individual subject to highly generated constructions of social sciences containing these meanings in the transformed, in the transformed, "Secondary", form.

Thus, Schyutz tried to solve the task set by Husserl - to restore the connection of abstract scientific categories with the “life world”, the world of everyday life, and the immediacy of knowledge and activity. However, losing sight of the real material processes of social life, Shyuts followed the way of ontologization of constituted meanings and the creation of a new variant of social ontology in the tradition of the anti -nursing “science of spirit”.

Schyutz also studied the structures of motives of social action, forms and methods of everyday knowledge, the structure of human communication, social perception, rationality, etc. The ideas of Shyuts have influenced the development of bourgeois thought. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. Ilyichev, P. Fedoseev, S. Kovalev, V. Works: der sinnhafte aufbau der sozialen Welt, W.

Wagner, Chi. Literature: Ionin L. Historical and Critical analysis, M. Sprondcl, B. Grathoff, Stuttg. Next, read:.